Which Process Do Animals Use To Convert Energy From Food Into Atp?

34.2B: Food Energy and ATP

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Animals use energy for metabolism, obtaining that energy from the breakdown of nutrient through the process of cellular respiration.

Learning Objectives

Summarize the ways in which animals obtain, store, and use nutrient free energy

Key Points

Animals obtain free energy from the nutrient they swallow, using that free energy to maintain trunk temperature and perform other metabolic functions.
Glucose, plant in the nutrient animals eat, is cleaved down during the process of cellular respiration into an energy source chosen ATP.
When excess ATP and glucose are nowadays, the liver converts them into a molecule chosen glycogen, which is stored for after use.

Key Terms

glucose: a elementary monosaccharide (sugar) with a molecular formula of C6H12O6; it is a principal source of free energy for cellular metabolism
adenosine triphosphate: a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of measurement of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer
phosphodiester: any of many biologically agile compounds in which two alcohols form ester bonds with phosphate

Nutrient Energy and ATP

Animals demand food to obtain energy and maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the power of a organisation to maintain a stable internal environment even in the face of external changes to the environment. For instance, the normal body temperature of humans is 37°C (98.half-dozen°F). Humans maintain this temperature even when the external temperature is hot or cold. The energy it takes to maintain this body temperature is obtained from food.

The master source of energy for animals is carbohydrates, primarily glucose: the torso's fuel. The digestible carbohydrates in an brute's diet are converted to glucose molecules and into energy through a series of catabolic chemical reactions.

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the main energy currency in cells. ATP stores energy in phosphate ester bonds, releasing free energy when the phosphodiester bonds are broken: ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group. ATP is produced by the oxidative reactions in the cytoplasm and mitochondrion of the cell, where carbohydrates, proteins, and fats undergo a serial of metabolic reactions collectively called cellular respiration.

Figure \(\PageIndex{ane}\): **ATP production pathways**: ATP is the energy molecule of the jail cell. It is produced through various pathways during the cellular respiration process, with each making different amounts of energy.

ATP is required for all cellular functions. It is used to build the organic molecules that are required for cells and tissues. It also provides free energy for muscle contraction and for the transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system. When the corporeality of ATP available is in backlog of the torso'southward requirements, the liver uses the backlog ATP and excess glucose to produce molecules chosen glycogen (a polymeric form of glucose) that is stored in the liver and skeletal musculus cells. When blood sugar drops, the liver releases glucose from stores of glycogen. Skeletal muscle converts glycogen to glucose during intense exercise. The process of converting glucose and excess ATP to glycogen and the storage of excess energy is an evolutionarily-important footstep in helping animals deal with mobility, food shortages, and famine.

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